Intel Designs vs the PowerPC Family

NOTE: A seldom-quantified chip characteristic is a design's IPC number, which together with clock rate, enables one to make cross-family comparisons. For this chart we measure IPC by SPEC2000 number/clock rate. It should be clear that

performance = clock_rate * efficiency
that is,
SPEC2000 = clock_MHz * IPC

Obviously, focusing on the clock rate alone, to the exclusion of the IPC -- as the naive computer user from his ignorance is wont to do -- is misleading. The fact that the word "speed" is used as a synonym for both "clock rate" and "performance", further compounds the error. Phrases like "faster CPU" suffer from the same ambiguity.

Tests for dual-core chips use only one core. SIMD and AltiVec units are not used in the tests.

Last update: 08 Dec 2009


	CLOCK				PERFORMANCE
CPU chip	clock (MHz)	mill. trans.	process (µm)	size (mm²)	Dhry- stone MIPS	SPEC 95		SPEC 2000		IPC (SPEC 2000/MHz)		GFlops per core in clusters, dbl. prec.		PS7 Bench	power dissipation watts		pricing & availability		pipeline		front-side bus			cache, on-chip (off-chip)			ALU units units/ins-per-clock/bits			recent Apple, etc. product
CPU chip	clock (MHz)	mill. trans.	process (µm)	size (mm²)	int	int	fp	int	fp	int	fp	real (theor.)	real/ theor	norm. score	typ.	max.	US $	at	length	simul instr.	lines	MHz	thru put/sec	L1	L2	L3	int	fp	SIMD*	recent Apple, etc. product
O l d I n t e l
Pentium MMX (Intel)
	200	4.5	0.35	141	-	6.4	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	7.3	15.7	95	6/98
	200 mob.		0.25	95	-	6.4	---	- - -	- - -	?	?				3.4	5.0	230	4/98
	233		0.35	141	-	7.0	4.5	- - -	- - -	?	?				7.9	17.0	106	6/98
	233 mob.		0.25	95	-	7.0	4.5	- - -	- - -	?	?				3.9	5.5	359	4/98
	266 mob.		0.25	95	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?				5.3	7.6	466	4/98
Celeron (Intel)
	266	7.5	0.25	131	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	16.9	106	6/98
	300	7.5	0.25	131	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	159	6/98
Pentium II (Intel)
	233	7.5	0.35	203	-	9.4	6.7	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	34.8	161	6/98
	233 mob.		0.25	131	-	9.4	6.7	- - -	- - -	?	?				7.5	10.6	466	4/98
	266				-	10.7	7.5	- - -	- - -	?	?				9.8	19.5	198	6/98
	266 mob.				-	10.7	7.5	- - -	- - -	?	?				8.6	12.1	696	4/98
	300				-	11.9	8.1	- - -	- - -	?	?				13.0	?	305	6/98
	333				-	13.0	8.8	- - -	- - -	?	?				15.3	23.7	412
	350				-	13.9	10.2	- - -	- - -	?	?				?	24.5	519
	400				-	15.8	11.4	- - -	- - -	?	?				?	27.9	722
Pentium II Xeon (Intel)
	400	7.5	0.25	131	-	16.3	12.1	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	38.1	2800	7/98
	CLOCK				PERFORMANCE
CPU chip	clock (MHz)	mill. trans.	process (µm)	size (mm²)	Dhry- stone MIPS	SPEC 95		SPEC 2000		IPC (SPEC 2000/MHz)		GFlops per core in clusters, dbl. prec.		PS7 Bench	power dissipation watts		pricing & availability		pipeline		front-side bus			cache, on-chip (off-chip)			ALU units units/ins-per-clock/bits			recent Apple, etc. product
CPU chip	clock (MHz)	mill. trans.	process (µm)	size (mm²)	int	int	fp	int	fp	int	fp	real (theor.)	real/ theor	norm. score	typ.	max.	US $	at	length	simul instr.	lines	MHz	thru put/sec	L1	L2	L3	int	fp	SIMD*	recent Apple, etc. product
G 3 a n d G 4
PPC 603e (IBM, Motorola)
	200	2.6	0.35	80	283	5.6	4.9	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	4.0	5.0	-	4/98
	200		0.29	43	283	5.6	4.9	- - -	- - -	?	?				2.5	4.0	98
	300		0.29	43	424	7.4	6.1	- - -	- - -	?	?				4.0	6.0	160
PPC 604e (IBM, Motorola)
	250	5.1	0.25	47	??	11.1	7.8	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	6.0	10.6	295	4/98
	375	5.1	0.25	47	??	15.6	9.7	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	8.0	14.5	645	9/98
PPC G3 (IBM, Motorola)
750	233	6.4	0.25	67	427	11.0	8.1	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	5.6	8.8	$495	4/98	4	?	64	66?	-	32K	(1M)	-	1/1/32	1/1/32	none
750	500	6.4	0.22	40	1160	23.8	14.5	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	6.0	-	?	9/98	4	?	64	66?	-	32K	(1M)	-	1/1/32	1/1/32	none
PPC G3 (IBM)
750CX	550	21.5	0.18	42	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	5.5	5.5	?	11/00	4	?	?	100	-	64K	256K	?	1/1/32	1/1/32	none
750CXe	600	20	0.18	43	1392	26	16	- - -	- - -	?	?			70	6.0	-	?	7/01	4	?	?	133	-	64K	256K	?	1/1/32	1/1/32		iBook iMac
750FX SOI, Lo-K	900	38	0.13	37	2088	40	22	- - -	- - -	?	?			95	6.1	-	?	5/02	5	?	64	200	-	64K	512K	-	2/2/32	1/1/32		iBook,5/02
750GX SOI, Lo-K	1000	?	0.13	52	2320	52	30	469	- - -	?	?			-	8.3	-	?	3/04	5			200	-		1024K	-
750VX SOI, Lo-K, AltiVec	1800	?	0.09	?	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?			-	?	?	?	Q2/04 cancelled ?	5+			400 (= 200x2)	-		1024K	(4 MB)			4/2/128	( iBook?? )
PPC G4 (Motorola) AltiVec, SMP, non-NUMA
7400	450	10.5	0.20	83	825	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	?? GF (0.45 GF)	-	101	8.0	8.0	?	7/99	4	?	64	100	-	64K	(2M)	-	2/3/32	1/1/64	2/1/128	Cube
7410, Nitro	667	10.5	0.18	83	1223	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	6.3	6.3	?	1/01	4	?	64	100	-	64K	(2M)	-	2/3/32	1/1/64	2/1/128	old TiBook
7440	700	33?		83?	1264	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?				8.0	8.0	?	10/01	7	16	64	133	1.1 GB (dual: 1.1)	64K	256K	-	4/4/32	1/1/64	4/2/128	TiBook 667 iMac2
7450, G4e	867	33		106	1566	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?				14+	17+	$435	7/01				133	1.1 GB (dual: 1.1)			(2M), 1/4-CPU				PM 733, 800, 867
7455, G4 Apollo 6, SOI	1000	33		106	2280	---	---	306	187	0.31	0.19	-	-	267 (dual)	21	30	$295	1/02				167	1.3 GB (dual: 1.3)			(2M)DDR 1/4-CPU				PM 800, 933, 1000
7455, G4 Apollo 6, SOI, Lo-K	1420	33		106	3192	---	---	418 (or 560?)	248	0.30 - 0.40	0.19	-	-	338 (dual)	30	42	$475	1/03				167	1.3 GB (dual: 1.3)			(2M)DDR 1/4-CPU				PM 1400
7457, G4 Apollo 7, SOI, Lo-K	1333	58	0.13	98	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	?? GF (1.33 GF)	-	101	14	?	$189	9/03				133	1.1 GB (dual: 1.1)		512K	(2M)DDR 1/4-CPU				AlBook iBook(7447)
7470	1500	?		?	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	For 7/2002, cancelled	7	?	64	266 (= 133x2)	-	?	512K	(4M)DDR 1/4-CPU
7457-RM, G4 Apollo, SOI	2000	?		?	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	For 2004, cancelled	7	?	16 (RapidIO)	333 (= 167x2) RapidIO@ 500 MHz	-	64K	512K	-
7448, G4 SOI, Lo-K	1700	?	0.09	?	3910	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	21	30	?	03/06	7	?	64	200	-	64K	1024K	-
8641, G4 1 core SOI, Lo-K	1500	?		?	3450	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	H2/05	7	?	128 (mem) 16 (RapidIO)	667 (= 333x2) RapidIO@ 500 MHz mem controller on chip, ECC	-	64K	1024K	-
8641D, G4 2 cores SOI, Lo-K	1500 2000	?		?	3450 ?	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	15	25	?	H2/05	7	?	128 (mem) 16 (RapidIO)	667 (= 333x2) RapidIO@ 500 MHz mem controller on chip, ECC	-	64K * 2	1024K * 2	-
PPC 7500 (Motorola) - [ "Motorola source" reveals 7470, and 7500, The Register Feb 11, 2002 ]
7500	?	?	0.13	?	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	For 2/2003, cancelled	14	?	128 (mem) 16 (RapidIO)	266 (= 133x2) RapidIO@ 500 MHz	-	?	512K	-	4/4/32	1/1/64	4/2/128
PPC G5 (Motorola) SOI, SMP, NUMA - [ *8500 data from MacOSRumors* & The Register, so use with utmost caution. Anyway, these optimistic rumors of late 2001 never materialized. 8540 data from Motorola** ]
G5 - 8500	1600	58	0.13	192	??	---	---	1342	1364	0.84	0.85	-	-	-	30	30	$700	For 2/2002, cancelled	10	?	128	400 (= 100x4) mem controller on chip	-	128K	512K	(2-8M)	?/?/64	?/?/64	8/4/128	(future) PowerMac G5, cancelled
	2000				??	---	---	1678	1705						?	?	?	Cancelled
	2400				??	---	---	2013	2046						?	?	?	Cancelled
8540 integrated	800	65?		?	1852	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	6.5	6.5	$200	"soon"	?	?	64	333 (= 167x2) mem controller on chip	-	32K	256K	-	?/?/32	none	none

	CLOCK				PERFORMANCE
CPU chip	clock (MHz)	mill. trans.	process (µm)	size (mm²)	Dhry- stone MIPS	SPEC 95		SPEC 2000		IPC (SPEC 2000/MHz)		GFlops per core in clusters, dbl. prec.		PS7 Bench	power dissipation watts		pricing & availability		pipeline		front-side bus			cache, on-chip (off-chip)			ALU units units/ins-per-clock/bits			recent Apple, etc. product
CPU chip	clock (MHz)	mill. trans.	process (µm)	size (mm²)	int	int	fp	int	fp	int	fp	real (theor.)	real/ theor	norm. score	typ.	max.	US $	at	length	simul instr.	lines	MHz	thru put/sec	L1	L2	L3	int	fp	SIMD*	recent Apple, etc. product
P o w e r 4 a n d P o w e r 5
Power3 (IBM) SMP, NUMA
Power3	375	?	?	?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	1.10 GF (1.50 GF)	0.73	-	?	?	?	ca. 1998	12	?	?	?	-	?	?	?	?/?/64	2/2/64, 2/4/64	none
Power4 (IBM) SOI, Lo-K, SMP, NUMA
Power4 2 cores	1300	174	0.18	414	??	---	---	839	1266	0.65	0.97	2.7 GF (5.2 GF)	0.51	-	150	150	$5,000	12/01	14	200	similar	similar	similar	96K	1440K /2	(32M)	2/?/64	2/2/64 or 2/4/64 (FMA)	none
Power4+ 2 cores	1700	184	0.13	267	??	---	---	1113	1699	0.65	1.00	3.7 GF (6.8 GF)	0.55	-	60	60	?	5/03	14	200	mem: 256 FSB: 64 next CPU: 128	mem: 567 MHz FSB: 567 MHz next CPU: 850 MHz	mem: 18.1 GB FSB: 4.5 GB next CPU: 13.6 GB TOTAL=36.2 GB / 2 (dual,4 cores:72.4 GB)	96K	1440K /2	(128M)	2/?/64	2/2/64 or 2/4/64 (FMA)	none
PowerPC 970 (IBM) [Power4 derivative], non-NUMA (GPUL & GPUL2)
G5 IBM-970	2000	56	0.13	118	6444	---	---	1041	1168	0.52	0.58	5.0 GF (8.0 GF)	0.62	562 (dual)	66	97	$180	8/03	16 (int) 21 (fp) 19 (Alti-Vec)	215	32 in + 32 out	1000 (= 500x2)	7.1 GB (dual: 14.2)	96K	512K	none	2/4/64	2/2/64 or 2/4/64 (FMA)	4/4/128	PowerMac dual G5
G5 IBM-970FX SSOI	1600		0.09	66	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	0.43	0.58	-	-	-	17	29	?	-/05				??	??
	2500				7540	---	---	1082	1361			?? GF (10.0 GF)	-	714 (dual)	50	93	$180	7/04				1250 (= 625x2)	8.9 GB (dual: 17.8)							PowerMac, iMac
	3000				8700	---	---	- - -	- - -			?? GF (12.0 GF)	-	-	60	83	?	9/04 delayed				1500 (= 750x2)	10.7 GB (dual: 21.4)
IBM-970MP Antares 2 cores	2500	?		154	-	---	---	1438	2076	0.58	0.83	?? GF (12.0 GF)	-	860 (4cores)	40	100	?	10/05				1250 (= 625x2)	8.9 GB (dual, 4 cores: 17.8)	96K * 2	1024K * 2				4/4/128 each core	PowerMac quad G5
Power5 (IBM) SOI, Lo-K, SMP, NUMA, SMT
Power5 2 cores	1900	276	0.13	389	??	---	---	1452	2702	0.91	1.42	4.3 GF (7.6 GF)	0.56	-	160	?	?	6/04	14	?	?	mem controller on chip	similar	96K	1920K /2	(36M /2) 1/4-CPU	2/4/64	2/2/64 or 2/4/64 (FMA)	none
Power5 2 cores	2000		0.13	389	??	---	---	1820	2844	0.91	1.42	-	-	-	?	?	?	??					mem: 25 GB FSB: 6 GB next CPU: 64 GB TOTAL = 95 GB / 2 (dual, 4 cores: 190 GB)
Power5+ 2 cores	1900		0.09	251	??	---	---	?	3007	?	1.58	-	-	-	?	?	?	7/06					similar
Power5+ 2 cores	2200		0.09	251	??	---	---	?	?	?	1.58	-	-	-	?	?	?	7/06					similar
PowerPC 975-976 (IBM) [Power5 derivative], SMT (GRUL)
G6 IBM-975	3000	98	0.09	?	??	---	---	1650	1750	0.55	0.58	-	-	-	63	?	?	9/04 delayed	?	?	?	mem controller & HyperTransport on chip	-	96K	1024K	none	2/4/64	2/2/64 or 2/4/64 (FMA)	4/4/128
G6 IBM-975	3400	98	0.09	?	??	---	---	1870	1972	0.55	0.58	?? GF (13.6 GF)	-	-	86	86	?	9/04 delayed	?	?	?		-	96K	1024K				4/4/128
IBM-976 (or 980) 2 cores	4000	?	0.065	?	??	---	---	2200	2320	0.55	0.58	-	-	-	?	?	?	8/05 plan	?	?	?		-	96K	?				AltiVec 2
Power6 (IBM) SOI, Lo-K, AltiVec 2, SMP, NUMA, SMT, BCD
Power6 2 cores	5000	700	0.065	341	??	---	---	3000	5200	0.75	1.30	12 GF (16.0 GF)	0.75	-	130	130	?	5/07	?	?	?	mem controller on chip	300 GB	?	4096K * 2	(32M /2)	?	?	AltiVec (VMX)
PowerPC 980 (IBM) [Power6 derivative], (P6UL)
IBM-980 (or 990)	6000	?	0.065	?	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	2007	?	?	?	?	-	?	?	?	-	?	AltiVec 2 ?	(6 GHz seems unlikely at 0.065)
Cell Series (Sony/Toshiba/IBM) SOI, Lo-K
Cell variant 3 PPE cores SMT, water-cooled	3200	165	0.09	168	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	?? GF (12.8 x 3 = 38 GF)	-	-	?	?	?	11/05	?	?	?	mem GPU I/O	mem: 22 GB GPU & I/O: 22 GB TOTAL = 44 GB	32K * 3	1024K / 3	none	2/2/64	2/4/64 (FMA)	AltiVec 2 SP: 25.6 GF DP: 12.8 GF x 3 = 115 GF	Microsoft Xbox 360
Cell 4 cores	4600	?		?	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	12/05	?	?	?	?	6.4 GB (per core?)	?	?			1/2/64 (FMA)	?	Sony/IBM workstation
Cell Single Power core w. SMT & AltiVec (PPE) + 8 SIMD cores (SPE) "Broadband Processor Architecture"	3200	234		235	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	?? GF (12.8 GF)	-	-	?	?	?	7/06	21 (PPE int)	?	mem GPU I/O	mem controller on chip mem GPU I/O	mem: 25 GB GPU & I/O: 77 GB TOTAL = 102 GB	64K + 256K x 8	512K				4/4/128 + 4/4/128 x 8	Sony PlayStation3 --- home server & HDTV (2007)
	4600	234		?	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	?? GF (18.4 GF)	-	-	70	80	?	?	21 (PPE int)	?	mem GPU I/O	mem controller on chip mem GPU I/O	?	64K + 256K x 8	512K				Cell totalSP: 256 GF DP: 18 GF	Sony PlayStation3 --- home server & HDTV (2007)
Cell variant ? "Broadway"	?	?		?	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	9/06	?	?	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	Nintendo Wii
Cell	?	?	0.065	?	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	3/07	?	?	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?
Cell	?	?	0.045	?	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	? 2008	?	?	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?
Cell	?	?	0.032	?	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	? 2011	?	?	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?
PPC 400 Series (IBM)
PPC-440	700	?	?	?	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	?? GF (5.6 GF)	-	-	5	8	?	2004	7	?	?	?	-	64K	2048K	-	2/2/32	2/4/64 (FMA)	?
PPC-440 2 cores for Blue Gene	700	?	?	?	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	10	15	?	2004	7	?	?	?	-	64K	2048K	4M /2	2/2/32	2/4/64 (FMA)	?	Blue Gene/L
PPC-450	1000	?	?	?	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	2006	7	?	?	?	-	64K	2048K	-	2/2/32	2/4/64 (FMA)	?	Blue Gene/P
Power7 (IBM) SOI, Lo-K, AltiVec 2, SMP, NUMA, SMT
Power7 2 cores	9000	?	0.045	?	??	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	2008	?	?	?	?	-	?	?	?	?	?	?
*TRIPS chip - DARPA-funded (IBM, U. Texas),* sources: IBM (Aug 03). IEEE (Jan 05).
Prototype 2 cores	500	250	0.13	?	16 ops MHzcores = 16,000 MIPS / chip	---	---	ca 1.3K per core	ca 1.3K per core	ca 2.66	ca 2.66	?? GF (6.3 GF)	-	-	?	?	?	12/05	?	?	?	?	-	?	?	?	-/16/64	-/16/64	?
Full scale 8 cores	10000	?	??	?	1,000,000 MIPS / chip	---	---	ca 20K per core	ca 20K per core	ca. 2.00	ca. 2.00	?? GF (125 GF)	-	-	?	?	?	2012	?	?	?	?	-	?	?	?	?	?	?

	CLOCK				PERFORMANCE
CPU chip	clock (MHz)	mill. trans.	process (µm)	size (mm²)	Dhry- stone MIPS	SPEC 95		SPEC 2000		IPC (SPEC 2000/MHz)		GFlops per core in clusters, dbl. prec.		PS7 Bench	power dissipation watts		pricing & availability		pipeline		front-side bus			cache, on-chip (off-chip)			ALU units units/ins-per-clock/bits			recent Apple, etc. product
CPU chip	clock (MHz)	mill. trans.	process (µm)	size (mm²)	int	int	fp	int	fp	int	fp	real (theor.)	real/ theor	norm. score	typ.	max.	US $	at	length	simul instr.	lines	MHz	thru put/sec	L1	L2	L3	int	fp	SIMD*	recent Apple, etc. product
I n t e l a n d A M D
Pentium 3 (Intel) SMP, non-NUMA
	1000	?	?	?	-	---	---	420/236	- - -	0.42	?	?	-	132	?	?	?	?/98	12	?	?	?	-	?	?	?	?/?/32	?/?/32	none
Pentium 4, 5, 6 (Intel) no SMP
	2000	42	0.18	217	-	---	---	656	714	0.33	0.36	-	-	-	70?	70?	$401	9/01	20	126	64	400 (= 200x2)	3.2 GB	20K	256K	none	3/5/32	2/2/64	MMX,SSE,SSE2
Pentium 4C Northwood, SMT	2200	55	0.13	132	-	---	---	811	802	0.37	0.36	-	-	-	?	?	$562	1/02	20	126		400 (= 200x2)	3.2 GB	20K	512K	none	3/5/32	2/2/64
	2800				-	---	---	1010	947	0.36	0.34	2.3 GF (5.6 GF)	0.41	-	?	68	$218	10/02				400 (= 200x2)	3.2 GB
	3200				-	---	---	1261	1285	0.39	0.38	-	-	427	82	?	$417	6/03				800 (= 200x4)	6.4 GB
Pentium 4EE	3200	178		237	-	---	---	1387	1414	0.43	0.44	-	-	-	92	124	$957	2/04								2M
Pentium 4E Prescott-32 SS, Lo-K, 1-way	3400	125	0.09	112	-	---	---	1404	1447	0.41	0.43	?? GF (6.8 GF)	-	-	109	?	$417	5/04	31	128				28K	1024K	?			SSE3
Pentium CT Prescott-64	3600	?		?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	-	8/04	31	128		800 (= 200x4)	6.4 GB	44K	1024K	2M	3/5/64	2/2/64		Apple's "Developer Transition Kit"
Pentium CT Prescott-64	3800	?		?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	$851	1/05	31	128		800 (= 200x4)	6.4 GB	44K	1024K	2M	3/5/64	2/2/64
Dothan (Pentium-M), SS	1000 2000	140		84	-	---	---	630 1261	642 1285	0.63	0.64	-	-	-	? 21	? ?	-	5/04	14	?		350 (= 175x2) 400 (= 200x2)	-	?	2048K	none	3/5/32	2/2/64		1000GHz: AppleTV (2007)
Tejas Pentium 5	5-7 GHz	?		130	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	125	?	-	For Q2/05, cancelled	?	128		1066 (= 266x4)	-	40K	2048K	yes	3/5/64	2/2/64
Nehalem Pentium 6, SS, Lo-K	10-20 GHz	?	0.065	?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	-	For 2006, cancelled	?	?		1200 (= 300x4)	-	?	?	?	?	?
Pentium 4 (Intel) Dual-core chips "Pentium D" (Netburst architecture)
Smithfield EE 840 2 Prescott cores SMT	3200	230	0.09	206	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	?? GF (6.4 GF) * 2	-	-	95	125	$1,000	7/05	31	128	64	800 (= 200x4)	6.4 GB / 2	20K	1024K * 2	none	3/5/64	2/2/64	MMX,SSE,SSE2
Smithfield 840 2 Prescott cores no SMT	3200	230		206	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	?? GF (6.4 GF) * 2	-	-	95	125	$530	7/05					6.4 GB / 2		1024K * 2
Paxville 7000MP 2 Prescott cores (for servers), SMT SMP 4-way	3000	?		?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	135	165	?	10/05					2 mem controllers on chip		2048K * 2
Dempsey (for servers), SMT, VT [Bensley platform]	3460 3730	?	0.065	?	-	---	---	- - - 1800	- - - - - -	? 0.48	?	?? GF (6.9 GF)	-	-	130	130	$3,700	5/06			64 * 2	666 (= 333x2)	8.6 GB * 2		1024K * 2	8M
Cedar Mill 672 2 cores on 2 dies (or just 1 core?) in 1 package, no SMT	3800	?		?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	$600	11/05			64	800 (= 200x4)	-		1024K * 2	none
Presler 945 (Smithfield dieshrink) 2 cores on 2 dies in 1 package, SMT	3400	376		162	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	$163	1/06			64	800 (= 200x4)	-		2048K * 2	none
Server - Pentium 4 (Intel) SMP, non-NUMA, SMT
Xeon	2400	55+	0.13	131+	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	0.36	0.34	3.4 GF (4.8 GF)	0.71	-	?	?	?	??	20	126	64	?	-	20K	512K	none	3/5/32	2/2/64	MMX,SSE,SSE2
	3060	55+		131+	-	---	---	1138	1103	0.37	0.36	?? GF (6.1 GF)	-	488 (dual)	60	?	$455	3/03				533 (= 133x4)	4.3 GB (dual: 4.3)			none
	3060	?		?	-	---	---	1294	1186	0.42	0.39	-	-	-	?	103	$690	7/03				533 (= 133x4)	4.3 GB (dual: 4.3)			1M
Xeon-64 Nocona (ca. Prescott) SMP 2-way	3600	?	0.09	?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	?? GF (7.2 GF)	-	-	?	?	$850	8/04	31	126		800 (= 200x4)	6.4 GB (dual: 6.4)	40K	1024K	?	3/5/64		SSE3
Xeon-64 Potomac SMP 4-way	3330	?	0.09	?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	$3,692	3/05	31	126		666 (= 333x2)	-	40K	1024K	8M	3/5/64		SSE3
Tulsa 7140M 2 Prescot cores (for 4-socket servers) Pellston virtualization	3400	1300	0.065	?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	150	$1,940	8/06	31	126	64	800 (= 200x4)	8.5 GB / 2 (dual: 17.0 / 4)	40K	1024K * 2	16M/2	3/5/64	2/2/64	SSE3
Desktop & Server Dual-core chips (Dothan & Dothan+ architectures), no SMP (except for servers), no NUMA (except as noted), no SMT (except as noted)
Yonah Core Duo, T2500 2 Dothan cores (for mobile) [Napa platform]	2160	152	0.065	?	-	---	---	1754	1580	0.82	0.73	-	-	-	13	31	$637	1/06	12	?	64	666 (= 166x4)	5.3 GB	40K	2M/2	none	3/5/32	2/2/64	SSE3	Mac mini, MacBook, MacBook Pro, iMac
Merom Core 2 Duo, T---/T7400/T7600 2 Dothan+ cores, 4 issue (for mobile) [Napa64 platform]	?? 2160 2333	?	0.065	?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?? 20 20	5 34 34	- $423 $637	1/07 8/06 8/06	14 (int)	?	64	666 (= 166x4)	5.3 GB	64K	4M/2	none	?/?/64	2/2/64	SSE3 (4/6/128)	MacBook, MacBook Pro, iMac (sep06)
Conroe Core 2 Duo, E6600/E6700 2 cores (for desktop) [BridgeCreek/Averill platforms]	2400 2666	298		143	44,329 ?	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	- 65	$316 $530	7/06 7/06				1066 (= 266x4)	?
Conroe Core 2 Extreme, X6800 2 cores (for desktop games) [BridgeCreek/Averill platforms]	2930 3200	?		?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	75 95	$999 -	7/06 Q3/06				1066 (= 266x4) 1333 (= 333x4)	8.5 GB 10.7 GB
Woodcrest Xeon 5148/5150/5160 2 cores (for 2-socket servers), SMP [Glidewell/Bensley platforms]	2333 2666 3000	?		?	-	-	-	- - - 2800 3057	- - - 2500 2783	? 1.05 1.02	? 0.94 0.93	9.6 GF (12.0 GF)	0.80	-	?	40 65 80	$455 $690 $851	Q3/06 6/06 6/06			64 * 2	1333 (= 333x4) * 2	10.7 GB * 2		4M/2					Xserve, 4 core Mac Pro
Kentsfield Core 2 Quad, Q6600 Core 2 Extreme, QX6700 4 cores, 2 Conroe dies (for desktop games)	2400 2666	582		?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	? ?	110 130	$851 $999	1/07 11/06		128	64	1066 (= 266x4)	8.5 GB		8M/4					future 4 core iMac
Clovertown Core 2 Quad, E5335/E5345/X5355/X5365 4 cores, 2 Woodcrest dies (for 2-socket servers), SMP [Glidewell/Bensley platforms]	2000 2333 2666 3000	?		?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	? ? ? ?	80 80 120 --	$690 $851 $1,172 --	01/07 12/06 12/06 04/07		128	64 * 2	1333 (= 333x4) * 2	10.7 GB * 2		8M/4					8 core Mac Pro
Tigertown Core 2 Quad, E7340 4 cores, 2 dies (for 4-socket servers), SMP [Clarksboro platform]	2400	?		?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	80	$1,980	Q3/07		?	QuickPath interconnect	QuickPath interconnect	10.7 GB * 4		8M/4	?
Dunnington 8 cores (for servers)	3000	?		?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	2008		?	QuickPath interconnect	QuickPath interconnect	?		?	?
Bloomfield 4 cores, 1 die Glio (mobile), Bloomfield (desktop), Gainestown (server)	4000	?	0.045	?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	130	?	4/08	14 (int)	?	QuickPath interconnect	1600 (= 800x2) on chip mem controller for DDR3	?	40K	?	? / 4	-/-/64	2/2/64	SSE4 (4/6/128)
• Penryn (Merom-series dieshrink, but Hafnium dioxide, Hi-K) - - - - - - - - - - - - - E5260 2-core package E5260 2-core package (Wolfdale, for 1-2 socket servers) 4-core package (for mobile, Montevina platform) 4-core package (Yorkfield, for 1-socket servers) • X5460 4-core package (Harpertown, for 2-socket servers) 6-core package (Dunnington, for servers)	Diagram of new process technology 2600 3330 xxx 3000 •3200 ?	410 847 820 820 ?		? ? ? ? ?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	? ? ? ? ?	65 45 80 120 130	$851 ? ? $1,172 ?	2/08 11/07 1/08 1/08 1/08 H2/08	14 (int)	?	?	?? ?? 1333 (= 333x4) 1066 (= 266x4) 1066 (= 266x4) 1600 (= 400x4) 1066 (= 266x4)	?	40K	6M/2 ? 12M/4 12M/4 3M*3	none none none none 16M/6	?/?/64	2/2/64		MacBook &Pro - -8 core Xserve 8 core Mac Pro -
??? 32 cores (for servers)	?	?		?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	?	14 (int)	?	QuickPath interconnect	QuickPath interconnect	?	40K	?	?	?/?/64	2/2/64
• Atom, SMT 1 core 2 cores	? 1600	47 ?	0.045	?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	0.030 ?	2.5 16	?	6/08 7/08	14 (int)	?	64	?	?	40K	?	?	-/-/64	2/2/64		future MacTablet?
• Nehalem Xeon 3500, Xeon 5500 Nehalem microarchitecture 4 cores off-die GPU in package SMT, NUMA [Tylersburg platform]	?	781 ?	0.045 0.032	?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	90	130	?	Q3/08 2009	14 (int)	?	QuickPath interconnect	on chip mem controller	?	256K 512K	1M 2M	8M 16M	-/-/64	2/2/64
•• Nehalem Xeon 5000 series Westmere microarchitecture 4 cores (for 2 & 4 socket servers) AES encryption SMT, NUMA	?	?	0.032	?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	Q1/10	14 (int)	?	64	on chip mem controller	?	yes	yes	24M	-/-/64	2/2/64
Nehalem-EX Nehalem microarchitecture 8 cores SMT, NUMA	?	2300	0.045	?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	H2/09	14 (int)	?	64	6.4 GB/s QPI	?	yes	yes	24M	-/-/64	2/2/64
Gesher microarchitecture on-die GPU	?	?	0.032 0.022	?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	2010 2011	14 (int)	?	64	?	?	40K	?	?	-/-/64	2/2/64
Yorkfield 8 cores	?	?	0.045	?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	Q4/08	14 (int)	?	64	?	?	40K	12M/2	?	-/-/64	2/2/64
Gainstown 16 cores	?	?	?	?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	2009	14 (int)	?	64	?	?	40K	?	?	-/-/64	2/2/64
Gulftown Kiefer design 32 cores (8 nodes x 4 cores ea.)	?	?	0.032	25.6	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	2010	14 (int)	?	64	?	?	40K	0.5M * 8	3M * 8	-/-/64	2/2/64
IA-64 (Intel) SMP, non-NUMA??
Itanium	800	25	0.18	?	-	---	---	380	701	0.48	0.88	-	-	-	130	130	$2,000	5/01	10	?	64	266 (= 133x2)	2.1 GB	48K	96K	(2-4M)	4/?/64	2/2/64	MMX,SSE,SSE2
McKinley (Itanium 2 3M)	1000	221	0.18	464	-	---	---	807	1356	0.80	1.36	3.2 GF (4.0 GF)	0.79	-	100	130	$4,227	6/02	8	?	128	400 (= 200x2)	6.4 GB	32K	256K	3M	6/?/64	2/4/64
Madison (Itanium 2 6M)	1500	410	0.13	374	-	---	---	1322	2119	0.80	1.36	4.5 GF (6.0 GF)	0.74	-	-	130	$4,227	7/03	8	?	?	400 (= 200x2)	6.4 GB (dual: 6.4)	32K	256K	6M	?/?/64	2/4/64
LV Itanium	1000	?		?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	55	62	$744	9/03	?	?	?	?	-	32K	256K	1.5M	?/?/64	?/?/64
Deerfield, LC	1400	?		?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	55	62	$1,172	9/03	?	?	?	?	-	32K	256K	1.5M	?/?/64	?/?/64
Madison 2 (Itanium 2 9M)	1600	500		480	-	---	---	1590	2712	?	?	?? GF (6.4 GF)	-	-	-	150	$4,200	11/04	?	?	?	533 (= 133x4)	8.5 GB (dual: 8.5)	32K	256K	9M	?/?/64	2/4/64
Montecito 9000 SMT, VT, 2 cores	1600	1720	0.09	580	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	-	104	$3,700	7/06	?	?	128	800 (= 200x4)	12.8 GB (dual: 25.6)	?	?	24M/2	?/?/64	?/?/64
Montvale improved Montecito SMT, 2 cores	2400	?	0.065	?	-	---	---	2400	4300	?	?	8.8 GF (9.6 GF)	0.90	-	-	130	?	Q4/07	?	?	128	1066 (= 266x4)	16.7 GB (dual: 33.4)	?	?	24M/2
Tukwila SMT, 4 cores	2400	?		?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	2008	?	?	QuickPath interconnect	QuickPath interconnect mem controller on chip	-	?	?	?
Tukwila SMT, 8 cores	?	?		?	-	---	---	1780	1780	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	For 2007, cancelled	?	?			-	?	?	?
Tukwila SMT, 16 cores	?	?		?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	2008	?	?			-	?	?	?
Athlon XP (AMD) SMP, non-NUMA
Athlon XP	1600	46	0.18	150	-	---	---	684	611	0.43	0.38	1.6 GF (3.2 GF)	0.50	-	80	80	$270	11/01	10	?	64	266	-	128K	256K	-	3/3/32	3/2/64	yes
Thunderbird	1666	46	0.13	80	-	---	---	655	- - -	0.39	?	-	-	211	?	?	?	5/02							256K
Barton 3200+	2200	>46	0.13	>80	-	---	---	1044	873	0.47	0.40	-	-	332	60	77	$464	5/03							512K
Opteron (AMD) SOI, NUMA
Athlon64, 3200+	2000	106	0.13	193	-	---	---	1202	1170	0.60	0.58	-	-	356	?	?	$399	9/03	12 (int) 17 (fp)	?	FSB= HyperTransport mem=64lines	800 (= 400x2) mem controller on chip	HT: 6.4 GB mem: 5.3 GB TOTAL 11.7 (no duals)	128K	1024K	-	3/6/64	3/2/64	yes
Athlon64, FX-51	2200				-	---	---	1322	1287	0.60	0.58	-	-	416	?	?	$637	10/03			FSB= HyperTransport mem=128lines		3 CPU-BUSES: mem: 5.3 GB FSB(HT): 3.2 GB nextCPU(HT): 6.4 GB TOTAL 14.9 (dual 29.8) NUMA
Athlon64, FX-57	2800				-	---	---	1680	1624	0.60	0.58	-	-		?	?	$1,031	6/05
Athlon64, FX-62 2 cores	2800				20,405	---	---	1837	2256	0.67	0.81	-	-		?	125	$1,000	6/06
Opteron 64-bit SMP, NUMA	1800 [Mod244]	120			-	---	---	1170	1219	0.60	0.58	?? GF (3.6 GF)	-	332	-	80	?	4/03
	2000 [Mod246]				-	---	---	1317	1293	0.66	0.65	2.9 GF (4.0 GF)	0.71	-	-	89	$794	8/03
	2000 [Mod??]		0.09	?	-	---	---	1317	1293	0.66	0.65	2.9 GF (4.0 GF)	0.71	-	45	45	?	8/04
Athlon 64, X2 5000+ SMT, 2 cores	2600	154		183	20,630	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	?? GF (4.8 GF)	-	- (sing.)	?	95	$403	6/05			FSB= HyperTransport mem=128lines	?	?		1024K / 2
Opteron 875 2 cores	2200	?		?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	?? GF (4.4 GF)	-	- (sing.)	?	95	$2,650	4/05			FSB= HyperTransport mem=128lines	?	?		1024K / 2
Athlon64, FX-70 used for dual socket Quad FX-74 2 cores each	3000	?		?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	125	$999/2	Q3/07	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	-	?	?	?
Opteron 2218 2 cores	2600	?		220	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	$2,649	8/06	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	-	?	?	?
Opteron Pacifica 2 cores OS virtualization	?	?	0.065	?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	95	?	10/06	?	?	?	?	?	?	512K * 2	-	?	?	?
Barcelona (or Deerhound) Opteron K8L arch. 4 cores	2500	?	0.065	283	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	120	?	Q3/07	?	?	?	?	?	?	512K * 4	2 MB / 4	?	?	?
Wolfhound Opteron K8L arch. 4 cores (for 2-socket servers), SMP	?	?		?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	Q3/08	?	?	?	?	?	?	-	2 MB / 4	?	?	?
Cerberus Opteron K8L arch. 4 cores (for 4-socket servers), SMP	?	?		?	-	---	---	- - -	- - -	?	?	-	-	-	?	?	?	Q3/08	?	?	FSB= HyperTransport3 mem=? lines	?	3 CPU-BUSES: mem: ? GB FSB(HT3): 19.2 GB next CPU(HT): ? GB TOTAL ?? (dual ??) NUMA	?	-	6 MB / 4	?	?	?

	CLOCK				PERFORMANCE
CPU chip	clock (MHz)	mill. trans.	process (µm)	size (mm²)	Dhry- stone MIPS	SPEC 95		SPEC 2000		IPC (SPEC 2000/MHz)		GFlops per core in clusters, dbl. prec.		PS7 Bench	power dissipation watts		pricing & availability		pipeline		front-side bus			cache, on-chip (off-chip)			ALU units units/ins-per-clock/bits			recent Apple, etc. product
CPU chip	clock (MHz)	mill. trans.	process (µm)	size (mm²)	int	int	fp	int	fp	int	fp	real (theor.)	real/ theor	norm. score	typ.	max.	US $	at	length	simul instr.	lines	MHz	thru put/sec	L1	L2	L3	int	fp	SIMD*	recent Apple, etc. product

*SIMD: Vector- and multimedia-instruction units are characterized here by <num computation-units> / <num concur. instructions> / <computation-unit bit-width>

CAUTION IN USING THIS CHART [written Dec. 2001 but applies to whole]:

Since many of the entries in the chart above deal with unreleased products, and in some cases unannounced products, the detailed chip characteristics presented often rely on hearsay and rumor. Therefore consider the data of any given entry more as the starting point for your own investigations rather than authoritative truth. The best source of what a future chip will be, is naturally the manufacturer's own site. Next in line come the professional engineering news sites like eTimes. Lately I have relied heavily on The Inquirer.

SPEC2000 numbers for the G4 are based on Motorola's Dhrystone-figures, plus a bunch of my, perhaps dubious, assumptions, namely: (1.) Dhrystone-21-MIPS and SPEC2000-int measure approximately the same thing, and (2.) the scale factor between the two measures is 5:1, so 1,566 MIPS is the same integer-performance as SPEC2000int 313. (3.) Another assumption (better than nothing) is that if a given chip model has a SPEC2000 score of 700 @ 1-GHz, the chip will have a score of 1400 at 2-GHz, i.e., linear clock-scaling. We all know things don't work this perfectly.

So you will see that the only value of the chart I have posted is to put together in one place all this data (from questionable sources), to make a few (questionable) extrapolations from it, and TO SERVE AS A REFERENCE POINT FOR DISCUSSION. I intend to update the chart as errors and unacceptable values are established, and as the future unfolds.

KINS COLLINS, 2001, 2006

Hilbert Tu - Resume
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