Obviously, focusing on the clock rate alone, to the exclusion of the IPC -- as the naive computer user from his ignorance is wont to do -- is misleading. The fact that the word "speed" is used as a synonym for both "clock rate" and "performance", further compounds the error. Phrases like "faster CPU" suffer from the same ambiguity.performance = clock_rate * efficiency
that is,
SPEC2000 = clock_MHz * IPC
| CLOCK | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CPU chip | clock (MHz) |
mill. trans. |
process (µm) |
size (mm2) |
Dhry- stone MIPS |
SPEC 95 | SPEC 2000 | IPC (SPEC 2000/MHz) |
GFlops per core in clusters, dbl. prec. |
PS7 Bench |
power dissipation watts |
pricing & availability |
pipeline | front-side bus | cache, on-chip (off-chip) |
ALU units units/ins-per-clock/bits |
recent Apple, etc. product |
|||||||||||||
| int | int | fp | int | fp | int | fp | real (theor.) |
real/ theor |
norm. score |
typ. | max. | US $ | at | length | simul instr. |
lines | MHz | thru put/sec | L1 | L2 | L3 | int | fp | SIMD* | ||||||
| O l d I n t e l | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Pentium MMX (Intel) |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
200 |
4.5 |
0.35 |
141 |
- |
6.4 |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
7.3 |
15.7 |
95 |
6/98 |
|||||||||||||
|
200 mob. |
0.25 |
95 |
3.4 |
5.0 |
230 |
4/98 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
233 |
0.35 |
141 |
- |
7.0 |
4.5 |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
7.9 |
17.0 |
106 |
6/98 |
|||||||||||||||||
|
233 mob. |
0.25 |
95 |
3.9 |
5.5 |
359 |
4/98 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
266 mob. |
- |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
5.3 |
7.6 |
466 |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Celeron (Intel) |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
266 |
7.5 |
0.25 |
131 |
- |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
? |
16.9 |
106 |
6/98 |
|||||||||||||
|
300 |
? |
? |
159 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Pentium II (Intel) |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
233 |
7.5 |
0.35 |
203 |
- |
9.4 |
6.7 |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
? |
34.8 |
161 |
6/98 |
|||||||||||||
|
233 mob. |
0.25 |
131 |
7.5 |
10.6 |
466 |
4/98 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
266 |
- |
10.7 |
7.5 |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
9.8 |
19.5 |
198 |
6/98 |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
266 mob. |
8.6 |
12.1 |
696 |
4/98 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
300 |
- |
11.9 |
8.1 |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
13.0 |
? |
305 |
6/98 |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
333 |
- |
13.0 |
8.8 |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
15.3 |
23.7 |
412 |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
350 |
- |
13.9 |
10.2 |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
? |
24.5 |
519 |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
400 |
- |
15.8 |
11.4 |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
? |
27.9 |
722 |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Pentium II Xeon (Intel) |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
400 |
7.5 |
0.25 |
131 |
- |
16.3 |
12.1 |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
? |
38.1 |
2800 |
7/98 |
|||||||||||||
| CLOCK | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CPU chip | clock (MHz) |
mill. trans. |
process (µm) |
size (mm2) |
Dhry- stone MIPS |
SPEC 95 | SPEC 2000 | IPC (SPEC 2000/MHz) |
GFlops per core in clusters, dbl. prec. |
PS7 Bench |
power dissipation watts |
pricing & availability |
pipeline | front-side bus | cache, on-chip (off-chip) |
ALU units units/ins-per-clock/bits |
recent Apple, etc. product |
|||||||||||||
| int | int | fp | int | fp | int | fp | real (theor.) |
real/ theor |
norm. score |
typ. | max. | US $ | at | length | simul instr. |
lines | MHz | thru put/sec | L1 | L2 | L3 | int | fp | SIMD* | ||||||
| G 3 a n d G 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
PPC 603e (IBM, Motorola) |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
200 |
2.6 |
0.35 |
80 |
283 |
5.6 |
4.9 |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? | - | - | - |
4.0 |
5.0 |
- |
4/98 |
|||||||||||||
|
0.29 |
43 |
2.5 |
4.0 |
98 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
300 |
424 |
7.4 |
6.1 |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
4.0 |
6.0 |
160 |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
PPC 604e (IBM, Motorola) |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
250 |
5.1 |
0.25 |
47 |
?? |
11.1 |
7.8 |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
6.0 |
10.6 |
295 |
4/98 |
|||||||||||||
|
375 |
?? |
15.6 |
9.7 |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
8.0 |
14.5 |
645 |
9/98 |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
PPC G3 (IBM, Motorola) |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
750 |
233 |
6.4 |
0.25 |
67 |
427 |
11.0 |
8.1 |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
5.6 |
8.8 |
$495 |
4/98 |
4 | ? | 64 | 66? | - | 32K | (1M) | - | 1/1/32 | 1/1/32 | none | |
|
500 |
0.22 |
40 |
1160 |
23.8 |
14.5 |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
6.0 |
- |
? |
9/98 |
|||||||||||||||||
|
PPC G3 (IBM) |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
750CX |
550 |
21.5 |
0.18 |
42 |
?? |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
5.5 |
5.5 |
? |
11/00 |
4 | ? | ? | 100 | - | 64K | 256K | ? | 1/1/32 | 1/1/32 | none | |
|
750CXe |
600 |
20 |
43 |
1392 |
26 |
16 |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
70 |
6.0 |
- |
? |
7/01 |
133 | - | ? |
iBook |
|||||||||||
|
750FX |
900 |
38 |
0.13 |
37 |
2088 |
40 |
22 |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
95 |
6.1 |
- |
? |
5/02 |
5 | ? | 64 | 200 | - | 64K | 512K | - | 2/2/32 | 1/1/32 |
iBook,5/02 |
|||
|
750GX |
1000 |
? |
52 |
2320 |
52 |
30 |
469 |
- - - |
? |
? |
- |
8.3 |
- |
? |
3/04 |
- | 1024K |
|
||||||||||||
|
750VX |
1800 |
? |
0.09 |
? |
?? |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
? |
? |
? |
Q2/04 |
5+ | 400 (= 200x2) | - | (4 MB) | 4/2/128 |
( iBook?? ) |
|||||||||
|
PPC G4 (Motorola) AltiVec, SMP, non-NUMA |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
7400 |
450 |
10.5 |
0.20 |
83 |
825 |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
?? GF (0.45 GF) |
- | 101 |
8.0 |
8.0 |
? |
7/99 |
4 | ? | 64 | 100 | - | 64K | (2M) | - | 2/3/32 | 1/1/64 | 2/1/128 |
Cube |
|
7410, Nitro |
667 |
10.5 |
0.18 |
83 |
1223 |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
6.3 |
6.3 |
? |
1/01 |
old TiBook |
|||||||||||
|
7440 |
700 |
33? |
83? |
1264 |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
8.0 |
8.0 |
? |
10/01 |
7 | 16 | 64 | 133 | 1.1 GB (dual: 1.1) |
64K | 256K | - | 4/4/32 | 1/1/64 | 4/2/128 |
TiBook 667 |
||||
|
7450, G4e |
867 |
33 |
106 |
1566 |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
14+ |
17+ |
$435 |
7/01 |
(2M), 1/4-CPU |
PM 733, |
||||||||||||||
|
7455, G4 |
1000 |
33 |
106 |
2280 |
--- |
--- |
306 |
187 |
0.31 |
0.19 |
- | - | 267 (dual) |
21 |
30 |
$295 |
1/02 |
167 | 1.3 GB (dual: 1.3) |
(2M)DDR 1/4-CPU |
PM 800, |
|||||||||
|
7455, G4 |
1420 |
3192 |
--- |
--- |
418 |
248 |
0.30 - 0.40 |
0.19 |
338 (dual) |
30 |
42 |
$475 |
1/03 |
PM 1400 |
||||||||||||||||
|
7457, G4 |
1333 |
58 |
0.13 |
98 |
?? |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
?? GF (1.33 GF) |
- | 101 |
14 |
? |
$189 |
9/03 |
133 | 1.1 GB (dual: 1.1) |
512K | (2M)DDR 1/4-CPU |
AlBook |
|||||||
|
7470 |
1500 |
? |
? |
?? |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
? |
? |
? |
For 7/2002, |
7 | ? | 64 | 266 (= 133x2) | - | ? | 512K | (4M)DDR 1/4-CPU |
|||||
|
7457-RM, G4 |
2000 |
? |
? |
?? |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
? |
? |
? |
For 2004, |
7 | ? | 16 (RapidIO) | 333 (= 167x2) RapidIO@ 500 MHz |
- | 64K | 512K | - | |||||
|
7448, G4 |
1700 |
? |
0.09 |
? |
3910 |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
21 |
30 |
? |
03/06 |
7 | ? | 64 | 200 | - | 64K | 1024K | - | ||||
|
8641, G4 |
1500 |
? |
? |
3450 |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
? |
? |
? |
H2/05 |
7 | ? | 128 (mem) 16 (RapidIO) |
667 (= 333x2) RapidIO@ 500 MHz mem controller on chip, ECC |
- | 64K | 1024K | - | |||||
|
8641D, G4 |
1500 |
? |
? |
3450 |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
15 |
25 |
? |
H2/05 |
64K * 2 |
1024K * 2 |
|||||||||||
|
PPC 7500 (Motorola) - [ "Motorola source" reveals 7470, and 7500, The Register Feb 11, 2002 ] |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
7500 |
? |
? |
0.13 |
? |
?? |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
? |
? |
? |
For 2/2003, |
14 | ? | 128 (mem) 16 (RapidIO) |
266 (= 133x2) RapidIO@ 500 MHz |
- | ? | 512K | - | 4/4/32 | 1/1/64 | 4/2/128 | |
|
PPC G5 (Motorola) SOI, SMP, NUMA - [ 8500 data from MacOSRumors & The Register, so use with utmost caution. Anyway, these optimistic rumors of late 2001 never materialized. 8540 data from Motorola ] |
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
G5 - 8500 |
1600 |
58 |
0.13 |
192 |
?? |
--- |
--- |
1342 |
1364 |
0.84 |
0.85 |
- | - | - |
30 |
30 |
$700 |
For 2/2002, |
10 | ? | 128 | 400 (= 100x4) mem controller on chip |
- | 128K | 512K | (2-8M) | ?/?/64 | ?/?/64 | 8/4/128 |
(future) |
|
2000 |
?? |
--- |
--- |
1678 |
1705 |
? |
? |
? |
Cancelled |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
2400 |
?? |
--- |
--- |
2013 |
2046 |
? |
? |
? |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
8540 |
800 |
65? |
? |
1852 |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
6.5 |
6.5 |
$200 |
"soon" |
? | ? | 64 | 333 (= 167x2) mem controller on chip |
- | 32K | 256K | - | ?/?/32 | none | none | ||
| CLOCK | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CPU chip | clock (MHz) |
mill. trans. |
process (µm) |
size (mm2) |
Dhry- stone MIPS |
SPEC 95 | SPEC 2000 | IPC (SPEC 2000/MHz) |
GFlops per core in clusters, dbl. prec. |
PS7 Bench |
power dissipation watts |
pricing & availability |
pipeline | front-side bus | cache, on-chip (off-chip) |
ALU units units/ins-per-clock/bits |
recent Apple, etc. product |
|||||||||||||
| int | int | fp | int | fp | int | fp | real (theor.) |
real/ theor |
norm. score |
typ. | max. | US $ | at | length | simul instr. |
lines | MHz | thru put/sec | L1 | L2 | L3 | int | fp | SIMD* | ||||||
| P o w e r 4 a n d P o w e r 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Power3 (IBM) SMP, NUMA |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Power3 |
375 |
? |
? |
? |
- |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
1.10 GF (1.50 GF) |
0.73 | - |
? |
? |
? |
ca. 1998 |
12 | ? | ? | ? | - | ? | ? | ? | ?/?/64 | 2/4/64 |
none | |
|
Power4 (IBM) SOI, Lo-K, SMP, NUMA |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Power4 |
1300 |
174 |
0.18 |
414 |
?? |
--- |
--- |
839 |
1266 |
0.65 |
0.97 |
2.7 GF (5.2 GF) |
0.51 | - |
150 |
150 |
$5,000 |
12/01 |
14 | 200 | similar | similar | similar | 96K | 1440K /2 |
(32M) | 2/?/64 | or 2/4/64 (FMA) |
none | |
|
Power4+ |
1700 |
184 |
0.13 |
267 |
?? |
--- |
--- |
1113 |
1699 |
0.65 |
1.00 |
3.7 GF (6.8 GF) |
0.55 | - |
60 |
60 |
? |
5/03 |
mem: 256 FSB: 64 next CPU: 128 |
mem: 567 MHz FSB: 567 MHz next CPU: 850 MHz |
mem: 18.1 GB FSB: 4.5 GB next CPU: 13.6 GB TOTAL=36.2 GB / 2 (dual,4 cores:72.4 GB) |
(128M) | ||||||||
|
PowerPC 970 (IBM) [Power4 derivative], non-NUMA (GPUL & GPUL2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
G5 |
2000 |
56 |
0.13 |
118 |
6444 |
--- |
--- |
1041 |
1168 |
0.52 |
0.58 |
5.0 GF (8.0 GF) |
0.62 | 562 (dual) |
66 |
97 |
$180 |
8/03 |
16 (int) 21 (fp) 19 (Alti-Vec) |
215 | 32 in + 32 out |
1000 (= 500x2) | 7.1 GB (dual: 14.2) |
96K | 512K | none | 2/4/64 | or 2/4/64 (FMA) |
4/4/128 | PowerMac |
|
G5 |
1600 |
0.09 |
66 |
- |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
0.43 |
0.58 |
- | - | - |
17 |
29 |
? |
-/05 |
?? | ?? | |||||||||||
|
2500 |
7540 |
--- |
--- |
1082 |
1361 |
?? GF (10.0 GF) |
- | 714 (dual) |
50 |
93 |
$180 |
7/04 |
1250 (= 625x2) | 8.9 GB (dual: 17.8) |
PowerMac, |
|||||||||||||||
|
3000 |
8700 |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
?? GF (12.0 GF) |
- | - |
60 |
83 |
? |
9/04 |
1500 (= 750x2) | 10.7 GB (dual: 21.4) |
||||||||||||||||
|
IBM-970MP |
2500 |
? |
154 |
- |
--- |
--- |
1438 |
2076 |
0.58 |
0.83 |
?? GF (12.0 GF) |
- | 860 (4cores) |
40 |
100 |
? |
10/05 |
1250 (= 625x2) | 8.9 GB (dual, 4 cores: 17.8) |
96K * 2 |
1024K * 2 |
4/4/128 each core |
PowerMac |
|||||||
|
Power5 (IBM) SOI, Lo-K, SMP, NUMA, SMT |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Power5 |
1900 |
276 |
0.13 |
389 |
?? |
--- |
--- |
1452 |
2702 |
0.91 |
1.42 |
4.3 GF (7.6 GF) |
0.56 | - |
160 |
? |
? |
6/04 |
14 | ? | ? | mem controller on chip |
similar | 96K | 1920K /2 |
(36M /2) 1/4-CPU |
2/4/64 | or 2/4/64 (FMA) |
none | |
|
2000 |
2844 |
- | - | - |
? |
? |
? |
?? |
mem: 25 GB FSB: 6 GB next CPU: 64 GB TOTAL = 95 GB / 2 (dual, 4 cores: 190 GB) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
Power5+ |
1900 |
0.09 |
251 |
?? |
--- |
--- |
? |
3007 |
? |
1.58 |
- | - | - |
? |
? |
? |
7/06 |
similar | ||||||||||||
|
2200 |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
? |
? |
? |
7/06 |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
PowerPC 975-976 (IBM) [Power5 derivative], SMT (GRUL) |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
G6 |
3000 |
98 |
0.09 |
? |
?? |
--- |
--- |
1650 |
1750 |
0.55 |
0.58 |
- | - | - |
63 |
? |
? |
9/04 |
? | ? | ? | mem controller & HyperTransport on chip |
- | 96K | 1024K | none | 2/4/64 | or 2/4/64 (FMA) |
4/4/128 | |
|
3400 |
?? |
--- |
--- |
1870 |
1972 |
?? GF (13.6 GF) |
- | - |
86 |
86 |
? |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
IBM-976 (or 980) |
4000 |
? |
0.065 |
? |
?? |
--- |
--- |
2200 |
2320 |
0.55 |
0.58 |
- | - | - |
? |
? |
? |
8/05 |
? | ? | ? | - | 96K | ? | AltiVec 2 | |||||
|
Power6 (IBM) SOI, Lo-K, AltiVec 2, SMP, NUMA, SMT, BCD |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Power6 |
5000 |
700 |
0.065 |
341 |
?? |
--- |
--- |
3000 |
5200 |
0.75 |
1.30 |
12 GF (16.0 GF) |
0.75 | - |
130 |
130 |
? |
5/07 |
? | ? | ? | mem controller on chip |
300 GB | ? | 4096K * 2 |
(32M /2) |
? | ? | ||
|
PowerPC 980 (IBM) [Power6 derivative], (P6UL) |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
IBM-980 (or 990) |
6000 |
? |
0.065 |
? |
?? |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
? |
? |
? |
2007 |
? | ? | ? | ? | - | ? | ? | ? | - | ? | AltiVec 2 ? |
(6 GHz seems unlikely at 0.065) |
|
Cell Series (Sony/Toshiba/IBM) SOI, Lo-K |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Cell variant |
3200 |
165 |
0.09 |
168 |
?? |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
?? GF (12.8 x 3 = 38 GF) |
- | - |
? |
? |
? |
11/05 |
? | ? | ? | mem GPU I/O |
mem: 22 GB GPU & I/O: 22 GB TOTAL = 44 GB |
32K * 3 |
1024K / 3 |
none | 2/2/64 | (FMA) |
SP: 25.6 GF DP: 12.8 GF x 3 = 115 GF |
Microsoft |
|
Cell |
4600 |
? |
? |
?? |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
? |
? |
? |
12/05 |
? | ? | ? | ? | 6.4 GB (per core?) | ? | ? | (FMA) |
? | Sony/IBM workstation |
|||
|
Cell |
3200 |
234 |
235 |
?? |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
?? GF (12.8 GF) |
- | - |
? |
? |
? |
7/06 |
21 (PPE int) |
? | mem GPU I/O |
mem controller on chip mem GPU I/O |
mem: 25 GB GPU & I/O: 77 GB TOTAL = 102 GB |
64K + 256K x 8 |
512K | 4/4/128 + 4/4/128 x 8 |
Sony PlayStation3 --- home server & HDTV (2007) |
||||
4600 |
? |
?? |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
?? GF (18.4 GF) |
- | - |
70 |
80 |
? |
? |
? | DP: 18 GF |
|||||||||||||
|
Cell variant ? |
? |
? |
? |
?? |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
? |
? |
? |
9/06 |
? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Nintendo |
||
|
Cell |
? |
? |
0.065 |
? |
?? |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
? |
? |
? |
3/07 |
? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ||
|
Cell |
? |
? |
0.045 |
? |
?? |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
? |
? |
? |
? 2008 |
? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ||
|
Cell |
? |
? |
0.032 |
? |
?? |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
? |
- | - | - |
? |
? |
? |
? 2011 |
? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ||
|
PPC 400 Series (IBM) |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
PPC-440 |
700 |
? |
? |
? |
?? |
--- |
--- |
- - - |
- - - |
? |
?< | |||||||||||||||||||